From War to Wonder: Exploring Orkney's Iconic Churchill Barriers
2024-07-17
The Churchill Barriers, a series of causeways in the Orkney Islands, are more than just practical roadways connecting the islands of Orkney. They are a testament to the strategic ingenuity and determination of World War II efforts. They stand today as both a vital transport link and a poignant historical landmark.
A Journey through Time
Churchill Barriers refers to the causeways that link the Orkney Mainland to smaller isles of South Ronaldsay, Burray, Lamb Holm and Glimps Holm. The Churchill Barriers were commissioned by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill during World War II.
These barriers were built as naval defences between 1940 and 1945. The primary goal was to protect the Royal Navy fleet anchored at Scapa Flow, a natural harbour that played a crucial role in the naval operations of both World Wars.
Construction and Purpose
The construction of the Churchill Barriers began in May 1940 and was completed in September 1944. The reason for the construction of the barriers was an attack by U-47, a German Submarine, which sank HMS Royal Oak.
To prevent further attacks to Scapa Flow Anchorage, Churchill ordered the construction of the barriers. Balfour Beatty, an international infrastructure group, took on the responsibility of building these barriers. Some parts of the southernmost barrier, however, were constructed by William Tawse & Co.
The shortage of staff able to help with the construction led to the use of Italian prisoners of war, who were captured in North Africa. There were around a thousand prisoners assigned to camps near the barriers.
Legacy of Churchill Barriers
Initially, the barriers served their purpose by preventing enemy submarines from accessing Scapa Flow. After the war, they were repurposed as road links, drastically improving transportation and connectivity for the local communities.
While the Ministry of Defence was in charge of maintaining the barriers from 1945 to 2011, today it is the Orkney Islands Council that maintains the place. Churchill Barriers are now an essential part of Orkney’s infrastructure, used daily by locals and visitors alike. Two of these barriers are now Category A listed, and have gained international recognition.
Exploring the Barriers Today
Visiting the Churchill Barriers offers a unique opportunity to step back in time and reflect on a pivotal moment in history. Driving along the Churchill Barriers offers stunning views of the surrounding seascape, with the turbulent waters of the North Sea on one side and the calm waters of Scapa Flow on the other. For those who prefer walking or cycling, the barriers and their surroundings provide picturesque routes to explore.
The blockships around the barriers are also fascinating to watch. These ships were used to block entrances into Scapa Flow back then. Now, snorkelling and diving around these ships are another popular activity. The beaches are also a great spot for tourists.
One of the most remarkable sites near the Churchill Barriers is the Italian Chapel on Lamb Holm. This chapel is the result of joining two Nissen huts used by Italian prisoners during the war. Among these Italians, there were several prisoners with different sets of skills, which enabled them to transform the huts into a chapel. The Italian Chapel is now one of the most well-known attractions in the Orkney Islands.
Going past the third barrier, on Burray, there is another place worth a visit. Orkney Glass Hut is a studio and gallery run by Liz Rickard. Here, you can see various pieces of fused glass and examples of Naïve art. Liz also holds workshops perfect for families and children.
The Churchill Barriers are more than just a functional part of Orkney’s road network; they are a living piece of history. Churchill Barriers in Orkney offer a captivating and enriching experience, especially for history enthusiasts, nature lovers, or simple explorers.
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